细胞内铜的四大分布途径与关键调控机制（天门冬氨酸铜Copper Aspartate、抗坏血酸铜Copper Ascorbate）

在细胞中，铜有4 种分布途径：

（1）自由基清除途径：Cu/Zn-超氧化物歧化酶将铜送至超氧化物歧化酶 SOD1上。

（2）线粒体途径：细胞色素 C氧化酶17 将铜转移到细胞色素 C 氧化酶（cytochrome C oxidase，COX）上以产生 ATP。

（3）分泌途径：铜通过抗氧化蛋白 1（Antioxidant 1，Atox1）传送至反式高尔基体网络中的铜转运蛋白质α链（ATP‐dependent copper transporter 7A，ATP7A）和铜转运蛋白质β链（ATP‐dependent copper transporter 7B，ATP7B）。

（4）细胞核途径：细胞核通过铜传感器，调节 CTR1 表达以适应铜浓度的变化。

Four major distribution pathways of copper in cells and key regulatory mechanisms (copper aspartate, copper ascorbate).

In cells, copper has four distribution pathways:

(1) Free radical scavenging pathway: Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase transfers copper to superoxide dismutase SOD1.

(2) Mitochondrial pathway: Cytochrome C oxidase 17 transfers copper to cytochrome C oxidase (COX) to produce ATP.

(3) Secretory pathway: Copper is transferred to the copper transport protein α chain (ATP-dependent copper transporter 7A, ATP7A) and copper transport protein β chain (ATP-dependent copper transporter 7B, ATP7B) in the trans-Golgi network through antioxidant protein 1 (Atox1).

(4) Nuclear pathway: The nucleus regulates CTR1 expression through copper sensors to adapt to changes in copper concentration.